Types of use

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{rsfiles path="Research reports/Environmental resources_in_grassland/Biodiversity/2_2005_Integrating_Efficient_Grassland_Poetsch.pdf"}

{rsfiles path="Research reports/Environmental resources_in_Gruenland/Biodiversity/2_2011_Successional_Pathways_in_European_Habitats_Bohner.pdf"}

{rsfiles path="Research reports/Environmental resources_in_greenland/Biodiversity/2_2007_Biodiversity_in_Austria_Bohner.pdf"}

{rsfiles path="Research reports/Environmental resources_in_grassland/Species diversity/2_2011_Final report_Material flows and biodiversity in differentiated grassland management in Austria.pdf"}

{rsfiles path="Research reports/Environmental resources_in_Gruenland/Biodiversity/2_2012_eco_mont_vegetation_changes_bohner.pdf"}

 

Species diversity

The diversity of colorful, species-rich grasslands reflected the diversity of our cultural landscape as it developed over the centuries. Since the mid-20th century, the proportion of ecologically valuable, herb-rich extensive grassland has been steadily declining. Monotonous agricultural landscapes, the large-scale loss of extensively managed grassland, the expansion of settlements, industrial areas, and transport infrastructure, and the associated destruction and fragmentation of habitats, climate change, and light pollution—all these human-induced factors increasingly pose existential threats to bees, wild bees, and other pollinating insects. This also affects many bird and small mammal species for which insects are an essential part of the food chain. However, there are now numerous ways to reintegrate such valuable habitats into our cultural landscape. Extensively managed grassland is of particular importance with regard to biodiversity.

The following video explains in more detail what each of us can do to counteract the decline in insect populations.

 

 

 

{rsfiles path="Research reports/Environmental resources_in_grassland/Biodiversity/2_2011_Effects_of_abandonment_Grassland_science_in_europe_Bohner.pdf"}

{rsfiles path="Research reports/Environmental resources in the greenbelt/Biodiversity/2_2015_Regional_Wildflowers.pdf"}

{rsfiles path="Research reports/Environmental resources_in_grassland/Biodiversity/2_2005_Integrating_Efficient_Grassland_Poetsch.pdf"}

{rsfiles path="Research reports/Environmental resources_in_grassland/Biodiversity/2_2009_Grassland communities_Tuexenia_Bohner.pdf"}

{rsfiles path="Research reports/Environmental resources_in_grassland/Biodiversity/2_2008_Grassland_science_in_europe_Bohner.pdf"}

{rsfiles path="Research reports/Environmental resources_in_Gruenland/Biodiversity/2_2010_Plant occurrences_Putterersee_Joannea_botany_Bohner.pdf"}

{rsfiles path="Research reports/Environmental resources_in_grassland/Biodiversity/2_2007_Soil indicators_Management intensity_Economic grassland_bohner.pdf"}

{rsfiles path="Research reports/Environmental resources_in_Gruenland/Biodiversity/2_2003_Brospen_Halbtrockenrasen_Tuexenia_23_Bohner.pdf"} 

{rsfiles path="Research reports/Environmental resources_in_Gruenland/Biodiversity/2_2007_NM_Red fescue_Beefgrass meadows_Bohner.pdf"}

{rsfiles path="Research reports/Environmental resources_in_Greenland/Biodiversity/2_2001_Iris meadows_Tuexenia_Bohner.pdf"}

{rsfiles path="Research reports/Environmental resources_in_Gruenland/Biodiversity/2_2004_Daffodil meadows_tuexenia_24_Bohner.pdf"}

{rsfiles path="Research reports/Environmental resources_in_Gruenland/Biodiversity/2_2007_Kammzahn_nationalpark_gesaeuse_Bohner.pdf"}

{rsfiles path="Research reports/Environmental resources_in_Greenland/Biodiversity/2_2008_Hieracium_Asteraceae_Bohner.pdf"}

{rsfiles path="Research reports/Environmental resources_in_Gruenland/Biodiversity/2_2010_Spiranthes_spiralis__Joannea_botanik_Bohner.pdf"}

 

Plant communities and indicator plants

Individual plant species do not occur randomly alongside one another in permanent grassland. Only species with similar site conditions form a plant community. Plant communities depend on climatic conditions (dry, moist), site characteristics (calcareous or siliceous parent material), and management practices (use, fertilization). The number of different plant communities is particularly high in extensively managed grassland. Due to the intensification of productive sites and the abandonment of less favorable sites, some plant communities have already become very rare. Some plant species are of particular importance because of their strong correlation with management or site characteristics. Their presence allows conclusions to be drawn about certain site characteristics, and they can therefore be used as bioindicators. They can serve to quickly determine site characteristics, identify changes or management errors, and monitor the success of implemented measures.

{rsfiles path="Research reports/Environmental resources_in_the_greenland/Biodiversity/2_2010_Vegetation types_Plant species diversity_Alpine pastures_Expert forum_Bohner.pdf"}

{rsfiles path="Research reports/Environmental resources_in_greenland/Biodiversity/2_2013_the_progressive_farmer_Indicator plants_bohner.pdf"}

{rsfiles path="Research reports/Environmental resources_in_grassland/Biodiversity/2_2013_the_progressive_farmer_Indicator plants_Part2_bohner.pdf"}

{rsfiles path="Research reports/Environmental resources_in_greenland/Biodiversity/2_2010_Environmental_Symp_Soil_condition_Bohner.pdf"}

{rsfiles path="Research reports/Environmental resources_in_grassland/Biodiversity/2_2011_Article_Farmer_Indicator plants_Economic grassland_Bohner.pdf"}

 

Primary and secondary succession

Changes in vegetation

The term refers to the replacement of one plant community by another as a result of changes in abiotic and biotic environmental factors.

Primary succession begins on unoccupied substrates such as bare soils, rock debris, river gravel, or moraines. Secondary succession begins on areas already covered with vegetation. Examples of secondary succession include the abandonment of grassland and arable land.

{rsfiles path="Research reports/Environmental resources_in_Gruenland/Biodiversity/2_2013_mudflows_Soelktaeler_bohner.pdf"}

 

Dynamics during the growing season

As soon as the snow melts in spring and temperatures begin to rise, the winter dormancy transitions into the growing season with the greening of meadows and pastures. The start of growth depends on altitude, following the temperature gradient. At higher elevations, the typically longer period of snow cover further delays the start of the growing season. This results in a very strong spatial variation in the growing season for grassland in the Austrian mountains. At higher elevations, the often significantly shorter growing season is one of the main reasons for the limited potential for land use. Lower temperatures also lead to an adaptation of the plant community, which, together with the reduced productivity of the soil, results in lower yields.

{rsfiles path="Research reports/Environmental resources_in_greenland/Biodiversity/2_2012_GIS-based analysis of spatio-temporal variation.pdf"}

{rsfiles path="Research reports/Environmental resources_in_Greenland/Biodiversity/2_2012_GIS based analysis of spatio‐temporal variation_poster.pdf"}

{rsfiles path="Research reports/Environmental resources_in_greenland/Biodiversity/2_2008_Spatial modeling_Vegetation period_Poster.pdf"}

 

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